The Propaganda Game

Definition of Begging the Question:

This technique involves assuming as true what has yet to be proved. Frequently the same proposition is used both as premise and as conclusion in a single argument. This may be done either (1) by the use of synonymous terms or (2) by circular argument, which involves the use of B to prove C and C to prove B.

(1) 'Man is a social animal because he is gregarious.' (2) Jones (at the bank): 'I would like a loan.' Banker: 'What recommendations or references do you have, something to establish that if we loan you the money, you will pay it back?' Jones: 'Well, I can refer you to my friend Quimby; he'll vouch for me. He'll tell you that when I say I'll pay, I will.' Banker: 'But we don't know Quimby, so how do we know he can be trusted?' Jones: 'Oh, I can assure you that Quimby can be trusted.